Golden rice has been engineered with three genes that increase its nutritional value. The majority are engineered for herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. Genetically modified crops are publicly the most controversial GMOs, in spite of having the most human health and environmental benefits. Plants have been engineered for scientific research, to create new colors in plants, deliver vaccines, and to create enhanced crops. There are proposals to remove the virulent genes from viruses to create vaccines. This use is especially relevant to human gene therapy.
Viruses play an important role as vectors for inserting genetic information into other organisms. Fungi have been engineered with much the same goals. There is potential to use them for environmental purposes or as medicine. The first genetically modified animal to be commercialized was the GloFish (2003) and the first genetically modified animal to be approved for food use was the AquAdvantage salmon in 2015.īacteria are the easiest organisms to engineer and have been used for research, food production, industrial protein purification (including drugs), agriculture, and art. In 1994, the Flavr Savr tomato was released, the first commercialized genetically modified food. The first genetically modified animal, a mouse, was created in 1974 by Rudolf Jaenisch, and the first plant was produced in 1983. Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen made the first genetically modified organism in 1973, a bacterium resistant to the antibiotic kanamycin. Recent advancements using genome editing techniques, notably CRISPR, have made the production of GMOs much simpler. A number of techniques are available for inserting the isolated gene into the host genome. Genetic engineers must isolate the gene they wish to insert into the host organism and combine it with other genetic elements, including a promoter and terminator region and often a selectable marker. New genes can be introduced, or endogenous genes can be enhanced, altered, or knocked out.Ĭreating a genetically modified organism is a multi-step process. Genes have been transferred within the same species, across species (creating transgenic organisms), and even across kingdoms. A wide variety of organisms have been genetically modified (GM), from animals to plants and microorganisms. The exact definition of a genetically modified organism and what constitutes genetic engineering varies, with the most common being an organism altered in a way that "does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination". A genetically modified organism ( GMO) is any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
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